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PAIN'S PYROTECHNIC SPECTACLE, 



BETWEEN 



From out the mists of time long past, 
Two nations met in warlike strife . 

The older, stronger, bites the dust ; 

The younger, smaller, grows in might. 

And of their struggles and their fate, 
We now depict in mimic way 

Fierce battles, fire and vicious hate, 
How China fell 'neath Japan's sway. 



When last year in Pain's Amphitheatre, at Manhattan Beach, was 
told Moore's beautiful story of " Lalla Eookh," a story of love and 
war, music and song, passion and pleasure, few of the thousands who 
were stirred by the production of the principal incidents of the poet's 
delightful work, thought that within a short twelve months the Orient 
would again give forth a subject for a picture for the coming season. 

But such is the case. History after a little more than two decades 
has repeated itself. A proud and haughty nation has fallen, and a 
weak and despised one has taken a position, if not in the first rank, far 
enough in front to command the respect of the Continental and Ameri- 
can powers. 

It was in 1870 when France, haughty in its supposed security and 
power, threw down the gauntlet to the little German states headed by 
Prussia, and marched forward " to Berlin." It was still 1870 when 
France, humiliated and betrayed, was under the heel of the Germans, 
and in the palace of her Kings and Emperors at Versailles, William 
III., King of Prussia, became William I., Emperor of German}'. A 
great lesson had been taught. It demonstrated that tho time of peace 
was the time to prepare for war. France had slept, dreamed of her 
unassailable strength. When she awoke Germany was in her capital. 



This was history in Europe a little more than two decades ago. 
Less than a year ago China, with her population of 450,000,000 of 
people, was sleeping, and the whole world envied her her peace, wealth 
and security. At an unfortunate hour there arose between her and 
the little Empire of Japan a war cloud, which appeared no bigger than 
a lady's handkerchief in the sky, but which grew and developed to 
such an extent that after it had burst China was found in the dust 
humiliated, disgraced, suing for peace at an} r terms which Japan, the 
despised, might in its mercy dictate. Another great lesson had been 
taught, and while China is still large and important in the eyes of the 

world, Japan has 
reached in less than a 
year a position which 
it has taken other na- 
tions centuries to at- 
tain. 

More than a genera- 
tion ago, largely 
through American in- 
fluence, Japan threw 
open her ports to the 
world, and extended a 
hospitable welcome to 
strangers who sought 
her shores. Nay more, 
she sent her youths and 
her statesmen, her sol- 
diers and her sailors 
abroad to study and ob- 
serve the ways and 
methods of the ad- 
vanced countries of the world. This they did, and carried back with 
them to their native land vast stores of knowledge, from Avhich the 
best was taken and grafted in the various branches of their govern- 
ment. 

Modern ideas and practices were engrafted on ancient customs or 
supplanted them altogether. In this way the " Land of the Kising 
Sun" came to be regarded as the most progressive of Eastern nations, 
when looked upon from a Western standpoint. 

2 




How differently was the course pursued by the great Empire of 
China ; the old policy of exclusiveness was maintained ; the foreigner 
was treated as an unwelcome visitor to her shores ; the wonderful 
achievements in modern science, in the Western nations, received slight 
recognition in the Flowery Kingdom ; in a word, China dreamed of 
where she was centuries ago, and was lost — when she woke Japan was 
her master. 

A summary of the events of the war will enable those who visit 
Pain's open-air theatre to form an idea for themselves of the manner 
in which Japan prepared for this conflict, and recognize how thoroughly 
unprepared China was to make successful resistance. 

The first overt act of war between the two nations occurred on 
July 25, 1894. Three Japanese iron-clads, cruising off Phungdo, came 
in view of three Chinese warships, conveying troops on transports to 
Corea, after Japan had requested her not to interfere in the affairs of that 
state. The transports were overhauled and summoned to surrender, 
which summons the Chinese commander ignored. The refusal was 
the signal for fight. From the first the Japanese had the best of the 
struggle. One, a Chinese gunboat, made a desperate resistance, but 
she was finally driven ashore and destroyed. A protected Chinese 
cruiser, deeming discretion the better part of valor, ran away early in 
the fight, and the remaining vessel, a dispatch boat, fell into the hands 
of the Japanese. Of the three Chinese transports, two made a port 
in safety, but the third, the Koiv-Shink, was so badly used up by the 
Japanese fire that she went down with all on board. 

This, the first victory of the Mikado's forces on the water, was 
quickly followed up by an equally determined blow struck on land 
five days later. 

The Japanese troops in Corea, July 29th, made an attack on a 
Chinese force strongly intrenched at Sei-Kwan. The assault was 
severe, and for five hours the fighting lasted with intensity on both sides. 
Finally the Chinese were routed with a loss on their side of five 
hundred killed and wounded. The Japanese are reported to have had 
but seventy men killed and wounded. The Chinese force entrenched 
at Sei-Kwan, was estimated at nearly three thousand men. 

Following up this advantage the Japanese troops, operating in 
Southern Corea, attacked the Chinese entrenched in the neighborhood 
of Asan, and on July 30th the garrison fell. The Chinese troops, 
thoroughly demoralized, beat a retreat northward leaving the victors 
in full possession of the situation. The Japanese in securing possession 

3 



of Asan obtained an important base of operations. How effectively 
they turned it to account is shown by subsequent events. 

With a calmness and deliberation, which marked all their opera- 
tions, they began preparations for the capture of Ping Yang, the only 
remaining stronghold of the Chinese on the peninsula. Ping Yang is 
a walled city situated on the Tatung River, and on the direct road 
from the Corean capital to the Manchurian frontier. Every position 
outside the town was strongly fortified. Sheltering breastworks, with 
Krupp and Gatling guns, mounted behind regular parapets, were 
thrown up to cover the infantry, and, it is said, sixteen thousand men 
were garrisoned there to defend it. Early in September the Japanese 
advanced upon the place from the southeast and southwest, and by 
the 13th the object of attack was at hand. On the 14th, after consid- 
erable intermittent fighting, the forts in the east and southeast were 
captured. The advancing column on the south and southwest stormed 
and captured the first position, which was protected by a parapet. 
Here the heaviest fighting on both sides occurred. The Japanese 
were met bravely by the Manchurian troops under the command of 
General Yeh. A stubborn resistance was made, but it proved in the 
end of no avail. The Japanese column, advancing from the north, 
which left its base at midnight on the 14th, found itself at sunrise 
next morning in front of the Chinese intrenchments. The Japanese 
advanced, but their task was an easy one, as they met with little or no 
resistance, and all the outlying defences fell into their hands almost 
without a blow. By noon, on the 15th of September, the day was 
decided, and unconditional surrender was demanded, and the city 
yielded. 

About this time the Chinese authorities were becoming anxious 
about the continued success and energetic campaign of the Japanese 
land forces, as well as by the threatening demonstrations of their war 
vessels. The operations in Corea, and the humiliating defeats of the 
Chinese armies in that peninsula, seemed to awake the powers in con- 
trol of the government to more resolute action. The surrender of 
Ping Yang was a serious blow. 

September the 16th a number of transports with troops from 
Talien Bay, close by Port Arthur, were sent to the Yalu. The trans- 
ports were dispatched up the rivei*. The main body of the fleet 
remained at anchor some ten miles to the westward. On the morning 
of the 17th, the Japanese fleet, under Admiral Ito, was discovered 
approaching. The Japanese fleet consisted of four very fast cruisers 

4 



in line leading the way, followed by a second squadron of three coast 
defenders, a belted cruiser, and a belt and battery-protected armorclad. 
In addition to these were three other vessels— an armored corvette, a 
gun vessel and an armed merchant ship. The Chinese fleet was made 
up of ten armored warships. After some preliminary skirmishing 
and manoeuvring for position, the battle of the Yalu began. The 
Japanese admiral acted with caution and seemed satisfied to fight at 
long range. The battle raged fiercely on both sides for a time. The 
Chinese commanders displayed great bravery, except those in com- 
mand of the Tsi Yuen and 
the Kwang Ki, both of 
which ironclads, at an early 
stage of the fight, put about 
ship and attempted to es- 
cape, but they were out-ma- 
noeuvred however by their 
wily antagonists. The Jap- 
anese fought at long range, 
and kept up a regular tor- 
nado of quick firing shell. 
At length the Chick- Yuen was 
struck in a vital spot and 
went down with the flag of 
China flying at her mast- 
head ; then the Lai Yuen was 
struck and set on fire ; later 
still, and the King Yuen was 
also set on fire. Embold- 
ened by success, one of the 
Japanese ironclads got into 

closer quarters than was prudent, when one of the Chinese fleet 
let drive a couple of large projectiles striking the Matsushima, 
and causing serious injury on board. So much so in fact that 
the damage to the two Chinese warships by fire, which, however, 
w;is extinguished, was trifling by comparison. During the day the 
battle of the ships continued until the shades of night began to full, 
and the combatants had expended the greater portion of their ammu- 
nition. It was a severe engagement throughout. The Chinese fleet 
retired under the protection of Port Arthur, and the Japanese moved 
off to the Latuug. It was with such seemingly indecisive results the 




sea battle of the Yalu was fought, but from the fact that a few days 
later the Japanese cruisers were patrolling the Chinese coast, the 
palm of victory rested once more on the victorious Japanese. 

It now became a well-established fact in the struggle that the 
fortunes of war were leading in the direction of the soldiers and 
sailors from the land of the chrysanthemums. The celerity of the 
Japanese movements, the determination with which they made their 
attacks and followed up advantages gained, the evident preparation 
which was everywhere and at all times observable was universally 
conceded. On the other hand, the Chinese appeared at all times, 
and in nearly every engagement, whether on land or sea, to be entirely 
unprepared for the emergency. It seemed as if demoralization had set 
in among the troops with the first blow that was struck in the conflict. 
Scarcely a leading commander in the armies of China exhibited the 
faintest trace of that ability which was likely under the most favor- 
able conditions to stay the tide of success which accompanied the 
march of the Japanese armies on the land and went hand in hand with 
the Japanese flag on the sea and along the Chinese coast. 

The fall of Port Arthur was the next achievement which rewarded 
the valor of the Japanese armies. With that carefulness and delibera- 
tion which distinguished the Japanese commanders throughout the 
entire campaign, the preparations for the capture of Port Arthur, 
situated on the Regent's Sword promontory, were made. Though 
the activity of the troops in other directions was in no way lessened, 
for nearly every day brought news of encouragement from the success- 
ful invaders, it was not until November that the order for the advance 
on Port Arthur was given. Early in that month it was made plain 
that the investment and capture of that stronghold was the next great 
move. For over a fortnight, commencing on the first of November, 
the Japanese commanders began to close in upon the stronghold. 
Two divisions of troops, marching so as to command completely both 
sides of the peninsular on which Port Arthur is situated, began to 
close in. At all times both divisions were in touch with the fleet in 
the adjacent waters. It was in this attack, or series of attacks, in 
approaching the citadel that the Chinese made a display of the fight- 
ing qualities which they undoubtedly possess when commanded by 
officers in whom they have faith. For days every rod of the ground 
was pluckily disputed. The advance, under such circumstances, was 
necessarily slow, but it was sure. So intent were the Chinese com- 
manders on the movements of the advancing troops on land that they 

6 



lost sight of the diversion that was being made by the fleet in their 
rear. The Japanese admiral moved carefully and quietly, and while 
the attacking army on land was energetically engaging the attention 
of the land forces a flotilla of Japanese torpedo boats entered the 
harbor in defiance of the forts and water-works and distracted atten- 




tion seaward. This appeared to be the signal for a general assault 
along the whole line. The plan was successfully carried into effect 
and on the 21st day of November Port Arthur fell, notwithstanding 
the gallant defence it made. The stronghold was defended by thirteen 
thousand of the best Chinese troops, who, when they recognized that 

7 



the inevitable was at hand, fled thoroughly demoralized. The Japan- 
ese not wishing to be burdened with an army of prisoners equal 
almost in point of numbers to their own left a road open for them to 
secure flight. Through this signal victory the most important arsenal 
and dockyard in China fell into the hands of the Japanese. It also 
gave to them through its strategical situation the command of the 
Gulf of Pechili. The loss of the Japanese in this campaign was 
insignificant; their gain was great. Immense quantities of guns, 
ammunition, and general stores fell into their possession. The Jap- 
anese fleet, apart from the torpedo boats, took no part in the capture. 
They lay outside in the offing, mere spectators, keeping watch but 
ready for action if required. The Chinese fleet was noticeable only 
by its inaction. Twelve of the fleet were seized in the harbor and the 
rest got up steam and hastened across to the shelter of Wei-Hai-Wei. 



Even in this hasty 
flight ill luck 
seemed to follow. 
The most formid- 
able ironclad o f 
the fleet, the Chen "' 
Yuen went ashore 
entering the har- 
bor. 

This ended for 
the year the 
achievements o f 




the victors, but it 
did not by any 
means lessen 
their activity 
either on land or 
sea. Port Arthur 
having been re- 
duced the victors 
now turned their 
attention in the 
direction of Wei- 
Hai-Wei, the next 



great naval stronghold of China, on the Gulf of Pechili. It is the 
attack on this stronghold that forms the main feature for illustration 
on the mimic stage and lake in Pain's outdoor theatre. Mr. Kirby, 
the scenic artist, has taken pains to give an excellent stage picture 
of the promontory on which the stronghold is situated, showing its 
approaches by land and water and the location of the fleets of the 
contending powers. 

It was not until near the end of January that a landing of a large 
force of Japanese troops was accomplished on the main land near 
Wei-Hai-Wei. Two circumstances, it must be borne in mind, com- 
bined to make the capture of this position much more difficult and 
protracted than the operations around Port Arthur. A strong Chinese 
fleet was in the harbor, and although during the war it was demon- 
strated that the Chinese battle ships were indifferently handled, it 

8 



was also shown that they were manned and commanded by men who 
could and would do battle even under the most disheartening condi- 
tions. This was proven in the sea fight of the Yalu. The island of 
Lin-Kun-Tao, close by, had an independent fortress, which entailed 
more extensive operations on the part of the Japanese. They under- 
took to reduce the fortress and Wei-Hai-Wei at the same time. On 
the 30th of January the Japanese effected a landing and secured some 
advantages, but from 
that day on it was fight s^^m 

every day until the goal 
was won. One by one 
the fierce determination 
of the invaders was 
shown in the assaults, 
the charges, the bom- 
barding by the fleet and 
the return fire of the 
besieged. Flame swept 
the promontory and 
lighted up the sea. The 
roar of the guns, the 
rattle of the musketry, 
the shouts of the in- 
vaders, flushed by vic- 
tory and encouraged by 
success, made night and 
day hideous. The bar- 
renness of the soil, the 
inhospitable aspect of 
the surrounding country 
and rocky coast served 
to add to the dread pic- 
ture of war which was 
raging. At length nearly 
all the inland defences fell into the hands of the invaders, an* 1 then 
followed the battle of the ironclads, which makes one of thf. most 
instructive and interesting pictures yet shown on the mimic stage. 

During the time that operations were in progress against Port 
Arthur, and subsequently against Wei-Hai-Wei, and which ended, ub 
already stated, in the capitulation of both strongholds, a Japanese 

9 




army, in another direction, was marching in the direction of Ninchwang, 
another very important seaport of the Chinese Empire. The march 
was beset with difficulties. The enemy continually harassed the 
advancing forces, but as in the past, these difficulties were surmounted, 




and the Chinese soldiers showed, in almost every fight, how powerless 
they were in opposing the Japanese invaders. The record of the First 
Army of the Mikado, after they had crossed the Talu into Manchuria, 
reflects the highest credit on the officers who conducted the campaign 

JO 



and the soldiers who took part in it. The distance from their starting 
point at Chemulpo to Ninchwang, situated on the Gulf of Lian-Tong, 
is about four hundred miles. Every rod of this territory was dis- 
puted by the Chinese. At length, on the 7th of March, Ninchwang 
surrendered, and the Japanese once more found themselves in 
possession of another important seaport, and their position on the 
Northern Chinese mainland well secured. 

This succession of victories was sufficient to inspire the invaders 
with renewed confidence in their ability to subdue their ancient 
enemy and to place themselves in such position as to dictate terms of 
peace. Accordingly the eyes of those who were directing the general 
campaign were directed in the direction of the rich and fruitful island 
of Formosa. Now that the armies of Japan were firmly established 
in Northern China and held possession of the three principal seaports 
and fortresses, the scene of active operations changed towards For- 
mosa, and the last active steps were begun before the conclusion of 
the hostilities of the contending empires. 

Little more remains to be added to this brief sketch describing 
some of the most prominent events in the war between China and 
Japan. From the time the first blow was struck until the suspension 
of hostilities, it was plainly to be seen that the conflict was an unequal 
one, inasmuch as Japan was thoroughly prepared. The great Chinese 
empire was brought to bay by a power she affected to despise ; the 
millions which the Chinese Emperor might call upon in time of need 
were nowhere to be relied upon ; the leading generals and command- 
ers of the laud and sea forces of the empire were found to be lacking 
in all essentials calculated to inspire their followers with faith in their 
ability to successfully cope with the invaders of the Flowery Land 
and drive them from its shores. Years of fancied security hilled the 
great ones of the empire into the belief that the powers they wielded 
were invincible. Corruption, imbecility, luxury and selfishness among 
the men of caste, and lack of patriotism, misery and indifference among 
the teeming millions of the lower classes produced the natural results. 
Is it to be Avoudered at then that the island empire of Japan, whose 
inhabitants were fully imbued with a strong love of country, whose 
scholars and statesmen, and soldiers and sailors, profiting by experi- 
ence, learning by observation, studying in the great schools of the 
world, cultivating the friendship of the civilized nations of the earth, 
throwing wide open the doors of their rich and beautiful laud to all 
who might seek the hospitality of its shores, should be prepared when 

11 



the proper time arrived to step into position and assume a place 
among the great nations of the earth ? After two ineffectual attempts 
to secure an armistice, Li Hung Chang, in the character of China's 
Plenipotentiary, proceeded to Japan to sue for peace. It was granted, 
and the clash of arms ceased ; but who can tell how long the peace 
that now exists will be maintained. The end is not yel. 




12 



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